A Critical Review of Nyaya Doctrines Based on the Principle of Abhyupagama-Siddhānta

Abstract: The attainment of true knowledge of the sixteen categories (ṣoḍaśapadārtha) in Nyāya philosophy culminates in the destruction of false knowledge (mithyājñāna). The removal of false knowledge eliminates defects (doṣa), which in turn halts worldly activity (pravṛtti). The cessation of activity leads to the end of the cycle of birth (janma), and the end of birth results in the absolute removal of suffering (duḥkha). This ultimate liberation from suffering is known as mokṣa. Among these sixteen categories, Siddhānta (Established Doctrine) occupies a pivotal position. The Nyāya school classifies Siddhānta into four types: (1) Sarvatantra-Siddhānta, (2) Pratitantra-Siddhānta, (3) Adhikaraṇa-Siddhānta, and (4) Abhyupagama-Siddhānta. This paper presents a critical review of the utility and application of Abhyupagama-Siddhānta within the framework of Nyāya philosophy. By examining its methodological role in debate, its reliance on provisional acceptance for argumentative progress, and its practical use in resolving philosophical disputes, the study highlights how Abhyupagama-Siddhānta functions as a strategic tool in epistemic inquiry. Relevant examples from classical Nyāya texts are analyzed to demonstrate its significance in sustaining dialectical engagement and advancing philosophical clarity.