Global Trends in Male Infertility: Implications for Developing Countries

Male infertility has emerged as a growing public health concern globally. Although infertility has traditionally been associated primarily with female reproductive health, contemporary research indicates that male factors contribute to nearly half of infertility cases worldwide. Over the past several decades, increasing evidence has pointed to a gradual decline in semen quality in multiple populations and a rising prevalence of male reproductive disorders. Environmental exposures, lifestyle changes, metabolic diseases, and genetic factors have all been implicated in declining male fertility. The burden of infertility is particularly significant in developing countries where diagnostic services, specialized reproductive healthcare, and assisted reproductive technologies remain limited. This paper reviews global epidemiological trends in male infertility, examines key etiological determinants, and evaluates the implications for healthcare systems in developing countries. The study highlights the importance of strengthening reproductive health services, improving public awareness, and expanding research investment in male reproductive health.