Environmental and Green Biotechnology

Environmental and green biotechnology are interdisciplinary fields that harness biological systems to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of key principles, technologies, applications, and recent advances in environmental and green biotechnology. It covers bioremediation strategies, bioenergy production, waste valorisation, sustainable agriculture, and regulatory and ethical considerations. Emphasis is placed on emerging molecular tools, engineered microbial consortia, and plant-based solutions that contribute to pollution control, resource recycling, and climate change mitigation. The chapter concludes with future prospects, challenges, and directions for research, including the role of digital technologies and systems biology in enhancing environmental biotechnological applications.