TRIANGULAR PALINDROMIC ARRAYS AND REVERSE DIFFERENCE STRUCTURES.

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Authors: Christoper Muoki Mututu
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Abstract

We introduce a deterministic construction based on palindromic digit arrays generated from arbitrary finite digit sequence. Given a base sequence 𝐡=𝑏1𝑏2β€¦π‘π‘š, we form the even length palindrome 𝑇0=π΅π΅βˆ—, where π΅βˆ— denotes the reversal of 𝐡. Successive rows are obtained by symmetric truncation of outer digit pairs, producing an inverted triangular array of palindromic digit strings 𝑇0,𝑇1,…,𝑇{π‘šβˆ’1}. For each row π‘‡π‘˜, we partition the palindrome into left and right halves πΏπ‘˜ and π‘…π‘˜=πΏπ‘˜βˆ—, and define the reverse difference value π·π‘˜=|π‘…π‘˜βˆ’πΏπ‘˜|. Using elementary properties of decimal representations and digit reversals, we establish two fundamental modular invariants of the construction. Every triangular row π‘‡π‘˜ is divisible by 11 and every reverse difference value π·π‘˜ is divisible by 9 and therefore also by 3. We further derive an explicit decomposition formula expressing the reverse difference as a weighted sum of symmetric digit pair differences, |π‘…βˆ’πΏ|=|βˆ‘(π‘Ž{π‘Ÿ+1βˆ’π‘–}βˆ’π‘Žπ‘–)10{π‘Ÿβˆ’π‘–}|,{π‘Ÿ}{𝑖=1} showing that the reverse difference depends only on the asymmetric component of the digit sequence. Within the triangular construction, successive truncations eliminate the contribution of outer symmetric digit pairs yielding a layered decomposition of digit asymmetry. The construction generates several deterministic integer sequences and structures arising from the triangular geometry, including the reverse difference sequence π·π‘˜, the normalized sequence π‘€π‘˜=π·π‘˜9, the ternary sequence πΈπ‘˜=π·π‘˜3, boundary sequences and symmetric column sum pairs whose digits coincide up to reversal. The triangular palindromic system therefore links palindromic digit symmetry, triangular truncation dynamics and modular arithmetic invariants providing a structured framework for studying digit reversal operators and arithmetic patterns arising from palindromic digit constructions.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Smarandache Functions and Recreational Number Theory Advanced Combinatorial Mathematics semigroups and automata theory

Publication details

Journal / source
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Publication date
12 March 2026
Language
EN