Enhancing Solar Power Generation Through Real-Time IoT-Based Single-Axis Tracking

This study presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a low-cost IoT-enabled single-axis solar tracking system using a 20W photovoltaic panel. The system employs Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) for sunlight detection, an ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller for control, and an L298N motor driver to adjust panel orientation along the east–west axis, with the Blynk IoT platform providing real-time monitoring and remote manual control. Experimental measurements were conducted under natural sunlight at Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna State, Nigeria, comparing the tracking system with a fixed panel under identical environmental conditions. Results indicate that the tracking panel consistently outperformed the fixed configuration, achieving a mean power output of 15.92W versus 12.36W and a total daily energy harvest of 101Wh compared to 78Wh, representing approximately a 30% improvement. Graphical analysis showed a broader high-performance window, while statistical validation demonstrated a higher performance ratio (84% versus 65%) and lower standard deviation, reflecting more consistent energy capture. The findings confirm that IoT-enabled solar tracking enhances photovoltaic efficiency and provides a scalable, reliable, and economically viable solution for small- and medium-scale renewable energy applications.