The Earth–Sun System as a Multilayer Network of Coupled Oscillators

This study proposes a dynamical framework for interpreting the Earth–Sun system as a multilayer network of coupled oscillators operating across solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric, atmospheric, oceanic, and biological domains. Using concepts from nonlinear dynamics and synchronization theory, the work introduces a multilayer oscillator architecture in which interactions between physical layers may produce partial phase coherence across the system. The framework combines theoretical modeling, synchronization metrics derived from the Kuramoto model, numerical simulations, and analysis of observational datasets including solar activity indices, geomagnetic records, atmospheric resonance measurements, and climate oscillations. The study introduces the concept of resonance envelopes operating across planetary, heliospheric, and galactic scales and proposes the Multilayer Coherence Index (MLCI) as an extended measure for evaluating synchronization in hierarchical dynamical systems. This work aims to contribute to the study of complex planetary environments and provides a theoretical basis for future investigations of synchronization processes within the Earth–Sun system.