An Exact Arithmetic Invariant Linking the Kaprekar Constants 495 and 6174

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Authors: Laurent Bucher
Cited by: 0

Abstract

This note presents an exact arithmetic invariant linking the Kaprekar constants 495 and 6174 through factorization and ratio analysis. The result reveals a rigid structural relation between the unique fixed points of the 3-digit and 4-digit Kaprekar routines, independent of the classical iterative process. To the best of the author's knowledge, this invariant relation does not appear in the existing literature. The work highlights a direct arithmetic correspondence that may contribute to the structural understanding of Kaprekar constants in recreational number theory.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Smarandache Functions and Recreational Number Theory Mathematical and Computational Methods History and Theory of Mathematics

Publication details

Journal / source
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Publication date
15 March 2026
Language
EN