An Exact Arithmetic Invariant Linking the Kaprekar Constants 495 and 6174
Abstract
This note presents an exact arithmetic invariant linking the Kaprekar constants 495 and 6174 through factorization and ratio analysis. The result reveals a rigid structural relation between the unique fixed points of the 3-digit and 4-digit Kaprekar routines, independent of the classical iterative process. To the best of the author's knowledge, this invariant relation does not appear in the existing literature. The work highlights a direct arithmetic correspondence that may contribute to the structural understanding of Kaprekar constants in recreational number theory.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Smarandache Functions and Recreational Number Theory
Mathematical and Computational Methods
History and Theory of Mathematics
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 15 March 2026
- Language
- EN