EMERGING FRONTIERS OF GRAPHENE-BASED NANOELECTRONICS: ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES, EXPERIMENTAL SYNTHESIS, AND PRACTICAL CHALLENGES

Since its experimental isolation in 2004, graphene has emerged as a cornerstone of condensed matter physics due to its exceptional electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the electronic transport mechanisms within the two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal lattice of graphene. We focus on the linear energy dispersion relation near the Dirac points, where charge carriers mimic massless relativistic particles. Furthermore, the study addresses the critical "bandgap problem" that hinders graphene’s implementation in digital logic gates and evaluates current methodologies—such as nanostructuring and substrate engineering—to overcome these barriers. Our findings, validated by experimental results on back-gated FET devices, suggest that graphene remains the most promising candidate for the next generation of ultra-fast nano-transistors.