Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and elevated blood glucose levels. Effective management of T2DM is critical to reducing its associated complications, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. This review examines the pharmacological agents currently available for T2DM management, including their mechanisms of action, efficacy, safety profiles, and potential implications for clinical practice. Classes of antidiabetic drugs discussed include insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides (e.g., metformin), thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Emerging therapies and combination regimens are also highlighted, with a focus on personalized treatment strategies that consider patient-specific factors such as age, comorbidities, and risk of adverse effects. By providing an updated understanding of antidiabetic agents, this review aims to guide healthcare professionals in optimizing T2DM management and improving patient outcomes.