REVIEW ON OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) MEDICINES: USE, SAFETY, AND ROLE OF PHARMACISTS

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are an important component of the healthcare system and play a significant role in self-care. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), self-medication refers to the use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms without consulting a registered medical practitioner (RMP). OTC medicines can be sold directly to consumers without a prescription and are generally considered safe and effective when used according to label instructions or under the guidance of healthcare professionals. OTC medicines are commonly used to manage minor ailments such as headache, fever, cold, cough, allergies, acidity, and mild pain. However, inappropriate use, drug interactions, overdose, and use in vulnerable populations such as children, elderly patients, and pregnant women may lead to serious adverse effects. For example, excessive use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) is associated with liver toxicity, while certain cough and cold preparations may cause increased heart rate and blood pressure. Pharmacists play a vital role in ensuring the safe and effective use of OTC medicines by guiding patients in medicine selection, counseling on dosage, duration, side effects, and preventing misuse. Strengthening pharmacovigilance systems is essential to monitor adverse drug reactions and promote the rational use of OTC medicines.