One formula for all fermion masses: boundary wave theory from N_c = 3

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Authors: Nicholas Haynes
Cited by: 10
References: 4

Abstract

We present a unified framework for the charged fermion masses and flavor mixing parameters, built from five postulates rooted in gauge topology and a single measured input: the number of quark colors N_c = 3. A universal mass formula on a one-dimensional boundary x in [0,1] with standing wave modes sin(N pi x) yields all nine charged fermion masses at 0.22% RMS with one measured anchor (m_tau). The coupling ladder g(q) = exp((q-1) T_F) follows from the SU(3) fundamental index T_F = 1/2. The CKM matrix is derived from quark mass ratios (Paper 2), all three PMNS mixing angles from charged lepton geometry (Paper 3), and the framework produces a complete scorecard of 22+ observables from 4 measured inputs. ---Boundary Wave Framework Series (all submitted to Physical Review D):1. One formula for all fermion masses — https://zenodo.org/records/195787572. Decoherence spectrum of the Standard Model — https://zenodo.org/records/195787963. Fermion generations as standing wave nodes — https://zenodo.org/records/195788674. Electroweak masses and CP violation — https://zenodo.org/records/195789295. Strong sector, confinement, and hadron masses — https://zenodo.org/records/19579136

Fields of Study & Subjects

Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions Neutrino Physics Research

Publication details

Journal / source
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Publication date
14 April 2026
Document type
Preprint