Paper II Geometric Origin of Electric Charge, Unified Charge Formula, and First-Principles Derivation of the Fine-Structure Constant

This is Paper II of the Planck Deformation Unit Space Theory (PDUST) series. It presents a geometric definition of electric charge, the unified charge formula Q = KVω, and a geometric approximation for the fine-structure constant. Electric charge is interpreted as the radial twist of deformation units induced by particle spin. The equality of electron and proton charges follows from the saturation condition V_e ω_e = V_p ω_p = (Vω)_max. Fractional quark charges arise from the symmetric threefold division of the radial twist capacity within hadrons. Starting from a geometric summation over the cubic lattice, the geometric weight sum S = 4π³ + π² + π is derived via regularization in the continuum limit, yielding the leading-order approximation for the fine-structure constant: α ≈ 1/(4π³ + π² + π) ≈ 1/137.0363 This result agrees with the experimental value to seven significant figures.