Finite Typed Context Descent

Finite structural records are often observed through overlapping typed contexts. Coordinate coverage alone need not establish global equality, and locally admissible sections may fail to satisfy constraints whose scopes are not visible in any one context. Relation-valued local data introduce a different obstruction: pairwise-consistent local relations need not admit a global relation when the context hypergraph is cyclic. This paper models a context as a finite typed atom set with definedness-sensitive partial sections and canonical restrictions. It keeps label coverage, relation-coordinate coverage, type and convention guards, and overlap compatibility as separate conditions. For a declared global constraint package, the visible package contains exactly those constraints whose complete scopes occur in at least one local context. Free sections are separated exactly when every admissible difference support meets the observed coordinates, and full coordinate coverage gives unique free gluing. For constrained sections, full admissible descent holds exactly when the visible constraint package semantically entails the complete package over the fixed typed domains. Under universal quantification over independently interpreted scope predicates, this becomes equivalent to visibility of every declared scope. For relation-valued local data, universal admissible descent additionally requires the classical alpha-acyclicity condition on the context hypergraph. These object-specific gates yield a conditional reconstruction theorem for fixed-alignment comparison: local comparisons determine a unique global comparison only after the report objects admit the appropriate reconstruction and the audit signature is separating. A pinned Lean companion formalizes the free finite-signature core. Two exact hostile fixtures distinguish an unseen-scope failure for section-valued data from a cyclic nonjoinability failure for relation-valued data. The source-addressed release receipt binds the manuscript, PDF, bibliography, formal source closure, exact fixtures, and validators. The standard separatedness, free-equalizer, and relational acyclicity results are not claimed as new. The paper does not establish a Grothendieck topology, descent for arbitrary presheaves, a universal comparison theorem, causal attribution, or an action semantics. Paper XXIV of the Representation-Induced Mechanics and Evolution (RIME) program. Source repository: https://github.com/dooven-prime/rime-lite Independent researcher; no institutional affiliation.