Effects of intravenous lipid emulsions on irisin, MMP9, NF-κB, TNF-α in rat kidneys with bupivacaine toxicity: An immunohistochemical study

This study aims to investigate the effects of bupivacaine- induced toxicity on renal tissue and the potential protective role of intravenous lipid emulsion. 28 adult male Wistar Albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups as follows: Control, local anesthesia, intravenous lipid emulsion, and local anesthesia + intravenous lipid emulsion. group local anesthesia received a 3 μg·kg-1·min-1 bupivacaine infusion, group intravenous lipid emulsion received a 1.5 mL bolus followed by 0.25 μg·kg-1·min-1 intravenous lipid emulsion infusion, and group local anesthesia + intravenous lipid emulsion received bupivacaine with intravenous lipid emulsion intervention upon toxicity signs. All animals were closely monitored throughout the study. In group local anesthesia, bupivacaine induced significant renal alterations histopathologically, and increased irisin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) immunoreactivity compared to control (P