Estrategias de formulación de inoculantes microbianos como complemento para una agricultura más sostenible en el tiempo

Microbial inoculants provide sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, helping to reduce soil degradation and increase agricultural productivity. This review aimed to analyze formulation strategies that maintain the viability and effectiveness of beneficial microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and fungi, under challenging environmental conditions and within the context of sustainable agricultural practices. The methodology involved a systematic review of scientific literature published from 1992 to 2025, using the PRISMA method, and searches of specialized databases (Web of Science, PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar). Original articles, scientific reviews, and regulatory documents were selected, focusing on studies related to inoculant formulation, microbial stability carriers, and the regulation of agricultural bio-inputs, categorized by relevant themes. Key findings include encapsulation and co-encapsulation techniques with protective metabolites, use of solid, liquid, and biopolymer carriers, and the development of microbial consortia that enhance the stability and functionality of bioinoculants. Challenges were identified concerning the interaction of inoculants with native soil microbiota, edaphoclimatic conditions, and compatibility with inputs and conventional agronomic practices. In conclusion, this analysis demonstrated that the effectiveness of microbial inoculants depends on selecting efficient strains and ensuring proper formulation and application in the field—crucial factors for maintaining their stability and performance. This article provides an updated perspective on current trends and challenges in formulating microbial inoculants, highlighting their role in advancing toward sustainable and resilient agriculture.