Assessment of the Factors Influencing the Procession of Chronic Kidney Disease and their Relationship with Biochemical Markers and Blood Pressure

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition, along with the gradual deterioration of the kidney functioning and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hemodynamic disorders. A cross-sectional study with a comparative design was performed on 120 subjects which comprised 80 participants with CKD diagnosis and 40 seemingly healthy controls. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical measurements were studied, such as serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) along with lipid profile, liver functioning tests, and blood pressure. The findings revealed that CKD patients recorded a substantial increase in creatinine, urea, uric acid, CRP and MDA when compared to controls with a significant decrease in eGFR and GSH (p < 0.001). The values of blood pressure were intimately high and had an inverse correlation with eGFR and systolic pressure, the values of which were strongly negative (r = -0.68,p= 0.01). Moreover, liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and lipid rates (cholesterol, triglycerides) were raised, and the level of albumin and HDL cholesterol was lower. Analysis at stages showed gradual increases in creatinine, CRP, and MDA with a decrease in GSH and hemoglobin at each of CKD stages. These results show that inflammatory problems, oxidative stress, and hemodynamic imbalance are major factors that lead to the development of CKD. The synergistic increase in CRP and MDA, and the reduction in GSH and eGFR is an expression of the interactions between oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms of deterioration of the kidney. The timely detection and surveillance of these biomarkers can offer useful prognostic data and be used to inform the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions to decelerate chronic kidney disease development.