RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Respiratory symptoms are frequently observed during pregnancy; however, serious pulmonary diseases remain relatively uncommon. Dyspnea, the most commonly reported symptom, may result from phys-iological changes specific to pregnancy or may be a sign of an underlying cardiopulmonary disorder. The stimulatory effect of progesterone on the respiratory center, along with increased diaphragmatic elevation, leads to increased tidal volume and chronic respiratory alkalosis. These physiological alter-ations influence maternal–fetal gas exchange. Asthma is the most prevalent chronic respiratory condi-tion during pregnancy. If not appropriately managed, it can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. Inhaler therapies containing corticosteroids are considered safe during pregnancy and should be continued to ensure disease control. Pneumonia may present more severely during pregnancy, particularly due to immune system changes, and remains a major cause of maternal morbidity. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential. Pulmonary embolism is one of the most common life-threatening respiratory conditions in pregnancy, and diagnosis may be complicated by overlapping symptoms with normal gestational physiology. With improved survival, cystic fibrosis is being encountered with increasing frequency among pregnant women. In these patients, nutrition-al support, infection control, and airway clearance are critical components of care. Bronchiectasis, though more common than cystic fibrosis and often milder in course, still requires close monitoring for sputum retention and recurrent infections. In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and interstitial lung diseases, preconception planning is particularly important. Neuromuscular disorders and chest wall deformities can compromise respiratory mechanics and lead to hypoventilation; close monitoring with pulmonary function testing is recommended in such cases. Obstructive sleep apnea is being diagnosed more frequently in pregnancy and is associated with hypertensive disorders and fetal growth restriction. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is generally safe and ef-fective. Smoking remains a leading preventable cause of complications during pregnancy. Behavioral counseling should be the first-line strategy, while pharmacologic interventions should be considered cautiously based on risk–benefit assessment. The management of respiratory diseases in pregnancy should be multidisciplinary, individualized, and evidence-based. A care approach that addresses the well-being of both mother and fetus can only be achieved by overcoming therapeutic hesitations and raising awareness regarding the safety of medications during pregnancy.