SEASONAL CHANGES AND POLLINATION PATTERNS

Pollination is a vital biological process enabling the reproduction of flowering and coniferous plants. Around 10-18% of Angiosperms rely on wind pollination. Families such as Poaceae, Betulaceae, Faga-ceae, and all Gymnosperms release massive amounts of pollen, which can be transported long dis-tances. Meteorological variables, including temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, and direction, determine the timing, intensity, and duration of pollen seasons. Among these, temperature plays the leading role in pollen production and release. Rainfall, although it temporarily removes pollen from the air, can enhance long-term levels by stimulating vegetation growth. Increased humidity before and after storms may trigger allergen release from pollen grains, intensifying allergic reactions. Climate change strongly affects both pollen quantity and allergen composition. Studies indicate that allergen concentrations in the atmosphere can vary independently of pollen counts, supporting a growing glob-al trend, especially in Europe, toward direct monitoring of airborne allergens alongside traditional pollen counts. Warming leads to earlier onsets and later ends of pollen seasons, lengthening allergen