HYPNOSIS AND COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a regional musculoskeletal pain condition characterized by myo-fascial trigger points within taut bands of skeletal muscle, leading to localized and referred pain, muscle stiffness, and functional limitation. In myofascial pain syndrome (MPS), the pain that becomes perma-nent over time should not be considered only physically or only psychologically. It should be consid-ered that the pain experience is complex, biomedical, psychosocial and behavioral factors interact with each other and that the interaction between them is not static and changes over time. Pain is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon influenced by interacting cognitive (beliefs, attitudes, expectations, and self-efficacy), emotional, behavioral factors, and previous pain experiences, and is best understood within a biopsychosocial framework. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based therapy method frequently used in the treatment and prevention of psychopathologies that cause pain. CBT primarily attempts to explain human behavior and psychopathologies within the framework of cognitive and behavioral theory. It emphasizes the relationship between our thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Numerous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of CBT for chronic pain and it is generally accepted as an appropriate intervention. Although it is a structured, goal-oriented therapy method, it also values the therapeutic relationship. Current data affirm the therapeutic value of cognitive behavioral therapy in alleviating symptoms of myofascial pain and support its integration into multidisciplinary pain man-agement protocols. Hypnosis is a therapeutic technique characterized by absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility, which allows alterations in perception, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Its analgesic effects are attributed to modulation of the central pain matrix, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, prefrontal cortex, and thalamus. Functional imaging studies demonstrate that hypnosis induces brain activity distinct from normal episodic memory processes, supporting its role as a neuro-biological intervention rather than a purely psychological phenomenon. Clinical evidence shows that hypnosis is effective in managing both acute and chronic pain syndromes, including myofascial pain, fibromyalgia, migraine, and pain associated with cancer therapy. Overall, hypnosis represents a valu-able adjunctive treatment modality for pain management, particularly in patients with myofascial pain syndrome.