DRY NEEDLING TECHNIQUES IN MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROME

Dry needling (DN) is an invasive treatment technique that involves the insertion of solid, fine (non-medicated) needles into myofascial trigger points (TPs). DN can be performed either superficially or deeply, depending on the intended depth of needle insertion. In superficial DN, the needle is inserted into the skin to a depth of up to 10 mm without penetrating the TP. In deep DN, the needle is inserted until it reaches the TP within the muscle tissue. After insertion, manual techniques such as pistoning or rotation may be applied, or the needle may be left in place without manipulation. Additionally, high- or low-frequency electrical current may be applied to the TP through the inserted needle. The primary therapeutic effect of DN is thought to result from mechanical stimulation of the TP. However, DN may also produce effects at both the spinal and supraspinal levels. As an invasive procedure, DN carries a risk of adverse effects. Therefore, patients must be adequately informed about the procedure and its potential risks, and written informed consent should be obtained prior to treatment.