PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD BIOWASTE BY PYROLYSIS: COMPOSITION, PREPARATION, AND APPLICATION PROSPECTS

In the context of the increasing accumulation of agricultural and food bio-waste (grain husks, straw, corn stalks, etc.), the development of efficient and environmentally safe processing technologies is a highly relevant task. The study analyzes modern methods of biomass utilization, including composting, anaerobic digestion, biopolymer production, and the manufacture of construction materials. Pyrolysis has been selected as the primary processing technology, as it enables the production of a wide range of products – biochar, liquid and gaseous fuels – that can be potentially applied in agriculture, energy, and industry. The chemical composition of the initial bio-waste (cellulose, lignin, ash-forming elements) is characterized, and the methods of their preparation (drying, grinding, pretreatment) are discussed. The results of laboratory studies are presented, confirming the effectiveness of pyrolysis in producing valuable products. A comparative assessment with existing analogues has been carried out, along with an analysis of the environmental benefits (reduction of CO₂ and CH₄ emissions, decrease in landfilled waste volumes) and an economic evaluation of the prospects for industrial implementation. It is shown that bio-waste processing by pyrolysis has high practical significance for addressing resource conservation and environmental protection challenges. The study demonstrates the potential applications of the obtained products as organic fertilizers, energy sources, sorbents, and components of construction materials. Promising directions for further research are identified, including combined processing technologies and the expansion of the spectrum of target products.