EARLY AND LATE STAGE DEPENDENT ANTICANCER EFFECTS OF Laurus nobilis SEED EXTRACTS ON PC3 PROSTATE CANCER CELLS

Objective: This study explored the anticancer properties of Laurus nobilis seed extracts at different maturity stages on PC3 prostate cancer cells, aiming to understand how developmental stages influence biological activities. Methods: Extracts from early-stage (green) and late-stage (black) L. nobilis seeds were tested on PC3 cells. Cytotoxicity, cell migration, wound healing, and gene expression were analyzed. HUVEC cells were used to assess toxicity on normal cells. Results: Early-stage extracts showed low cytotoxicity and promoted cell migration and wound healing. Late-stage extracts exhibited potent dose-dependent cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited cell migration. Both extracts demonstrated lower toxicity towards HUVEC cells. Gene expression analysis revealed suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration in cells treated with late-stage extracts. Conclusion: The study highlights the stage-dependent anticancer potential of L. nobilis seed extracts. Late-stage extracts showed promising anticancer effects, while early-stage extracts promoted cell growth. These findings emphasize the importance of harvest time and maturity stage in determining the biological activity of L. nobilis extracts, providing valuable insights for future anticancer research and applications.