Advances in Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide, with significant variations in incidence and mortality across different regions. Understanding its complex molecular underpinnings is crucial for improving early detection and therapeutic strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the molecular mechanisms driving prostate cancer, highlighting the roles of genomics, epigenetics, and the tumor microenvironment in disease initiation and progression. Additionally, it evaluates novel diagnostic technologies such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and liquid biopsy, which have enhanced risk stratification and early diagnosis. The evolution of treatment modalities is also discussed, ranging from conventional endocrine therapies to emerging targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and precision radiotherapy. By integrating current research findings, this article aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation and practical guidance for clinicians and researchers, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and the development of personalized medicine approaches in prostate cancer management.