Endüstriyel Atıklar, Toprak Kirlenmesi ve Remediasyon Teknikleri

One Health is a holistic approach that recognizes the inseparable interconnection between human, animal, and ecosystem health, and aims to optimize these domains together. Contaminated soil and groundwater affect all three areas simultaneously—through drinking water, the food chain, animal welfare, and ecosystem services. The Love Canal, Minamata, and Itai-itai incidents are critical examples demonstrating the multidimensional and long-lasting impacts of industrial soil and groundwater pollution. These cases have contributed significantly to the development of environmental health policies, legal regulations, and the One Health approach worldwide. This article summarizes the process that began in the United States with Love Canal, the current state of practice in the U.S., EU, and Japan, and future perspectives. In Türkiye, soil contamination has been evaluated in terms of legislation, institutional structure, and cooperation with the EU; and detailed assessments have been made regarding the Contaminated Sites Information System, technical capacity and authorization, data generation and mapping, as well as EU cooperation and projects. Although the essential legislative and technical framework has been established and guidelines and standards have been developed there is still a need to expand the identification and registration of contaminated sites, as well as remediation, risk assessment, and monitoring activities, especially in high-risk regions. Mechanisms such as the regulation on Contaminated Sites and the Information System have begun to be implemented; however, up-to-date field examples and monitoring results concerning contaminant migration, interactions with groundwater, remediation costs, and field practices remain limited in number and scope. Furthermore, it is understood that improvements are needed particularly for hydrocarbon pipelines and other sectors that are currently excluded from the Regulation on the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents and the Reduction of Their Effects (BEKRA), occupational health and safety legislation, and related frameworks to strengthen capacities for preventing contamination before it occurs, and ensuring satisfactory emergency response and remediation where contamination does occur. In addition to legislative and implementation assessments, the interactions of pollutants with soil and groundwater are explained, and information on prevention and remediation methods is provided.