Educational Administration: Theory and Practice

The veneration of Goddess Manasa, esteemed as the Serpent Mother, epitomizes one of Bengal's most persistent cultural and religious customs. Archaeological findings in the Bankura District indicate serpent worship traditions that precede organized Hinduism, tracing back to the Indus Valley Civilization and linked to pan-Indian rites like Nag Panchami. Over time, Manasa's identity transformed through Brahmanical, Buddhist, and Jain influences, manifesting in the Puranas and medieval Mangal-kavyas. The mythological tale of Chand Sawdagar and Behula further established her identity as both a guardian and formidable deity, facilitating her broad acceptance throughout Bengal. A notable aspect of Manasa devotion is the emblematic object termed the Manasa Chali, a quintessential example of terracotta artistry characterized by intertwined serpents ascending above a consecrated pitcher. These forms, produced largely in Bankura District, Bishnupur, Panchmura, and other areas, represent the intersection of folk religion with Bengal's creative legacy. Notwithstanding their historical and cultural significance, many trades are experiencing decline due to economic difficulties, contemporary alternatives, and inadequate institutional support. The preservation of the Manasa Chali legacy necessitates coordinated efforts, including artisan training programs, financial support, and marketing via museums, colleges, and cultural centers. In addition to serving as ritual artifacts, these clay figures embody Bengal's vibrant legacy, intertwining mythology, snake veneration, devotion, and creativity into a cultural continuum. By preserving this history, Bengal guarantees that future generations inherit not merely a craft but also the spiritual and historical profundity of an ancient cultural identity.