From Resistance to Social Change

This paper explores linkage between resistance, empowerment, and social change among ethnic minorities (EM). EM resistance, whether individual or collective, fosters a sense of agency and awareness of rights (both to resources and civic participation), driving social change. However, its effectiveness is limited by political systems and geopolitical factors which influence conditions for EM activism. Focusing on EM in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Lithuania, and Estonia, this study examines how resistance and empowerment can challenge power structures and lead to meaningful societal transformation. Ultimately, it questions the potential of EM resistance on four levels – micro, mezzo, macro, and international – to consolidate communities and improve their social and political standing.