Spatio-Temporal Confinement in Two-Dimensional Channels for Neuromorphic Computing

Graphene oxide (GO), with its unique two-dimensional structure, adjustable functional groups, and tunable nanofluidic channels, has emerged as a promising platform for bio-inspired neuromorphic computing. This perspective explores the structural and functional analogies between GO membranes and biological ion channels, emphasizing GO’s ability to support selective ion transport, stimuli-responsive behavior, and synaptic plasticity. Recent advances in material engineering and device integration have enabled GO-based artificial synapses, including memristors and ion-gated transistors, to emulate key neuronal features such as excitatory postsynaptic currents, paired-pulse facilitation, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity with sub-millisecond response times and picojoule-level energy consumption. Moreover, the incorporation of GO with polymers, quantum dots, and semiconductors has facilitated multimodal control via electric, optical, and chemical inputs. Together, these developments position GO as a powerful material system for future neuromorphic devices that operate in aqueous and dynamic biological environments, paving the way toward brain-inspired hardware, neuroprosthetics, and intelligent biointerfaces.