Integration of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in EIA process in Zambia. A case of Agriculture sector in Mkushi and Serenje Zambia

Integrating climate change into Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for Zambia's commercial agriculture is vital for promoting sustainable climate-resilient farming practices that mitigate risks like droughts and floods while ensuring long-term productivity and investment protection. The objectives of the research were to evaluate the gaps and the degree to which climate adaptation and mitigation are addressed in the Environmental Impact Assessment process and to identify the obstacles that prevent the full integration of climate change strategies. The research adopted a qualitative methodology, utilizing content analysis of 26 Environmental Impact Assessment documents for projects in Mkushi and Serenje Districts obtained from the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) database and 11 expert interviews with key stakeholders, including government officials, environmental consultants, and agricultural practitioners in Zambia. The findings indicate a gradual yet inconsistent incorporation of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in Environmental Impact Assessment reports over the past decade, with notable shortcomings in key areas such as impact identification, baseline data collection and the effective design of mitigation strategies. Climate change adaptation received even less attention, with minimal integration into project design and long-term planning. Expert interviews further highlighted the challenges faced by Environmental Impact Assessment practitioners, including inadequate regulatory frameworks, limited technical capacity and financial constraints. The study recommends inclusion of provisions for climate change issue in the regulatory framework, provision of incentives by government and regulation of EIA practitioners.