Void content and initial surface absorption of palm kernel shell laterized concrete

This study investigates the viability of incorporating palm kernel shell (PKS) and laterite as sustainable replacements for conventional granite and sand aggregates in concrete. Through detailed analysis of void content and initial surface absorption, the durability and environmental suitability of PKS-laterized concrete were evaluated under varying water-cement ratios and replacement levels. Results indicate that both PKS and laterite increase void content and surface absorption, with these effects intensified at higher water-cement ratios. However, a mix containing 10% PKS and 10% laterite demonstrated durability metrics comparable to those of traditional concrete, showing strong resistance to chloride ingress and suitability for severe coastal environments. At a 0.4 water-cement ratio, PKS-laterized mixes achieved durability standards for coastal and urban applications, whereas a 0.45 ratio proved effective for moderate coastal exposures. These findings support the potential of PKS-laterized concrete as a sustainable building material, reducing reliance on natural aggregates while maintaining performance. Further research is recommended to confirm the long-term durability of these mixes across diverse environmental exposures and to refine mix designs for optimal strength and permeability. This study contributes to the field of eco-friendly construction materials, aligning with global sustainability goals and resource conservation.