A Policy Framework for Microbial Energy Integration in Nigerian Public Infrastructure

Nigeria faces a severe energy crisis characterized by a heavy reliance on fossil fuels, profound energy poverty affecting nearly half its population, and significant environmental degradation. This comprehensive review investigates the potential of microbial energy technologies—specifically biogas production through anaerobic digestion, microbial fuel cells (MFCs), and advanced bioremediation-for-energy systems—as a cornerstone for a sustainable and decentralized energy future for Nigerian public infrastructure. The review synthesizes current scientific research, policy analyses, and technological assessments to evaluate the feasibility, benefits, and challenges of integrating these bio-based solutions. It reveals that while Nigeria possesses abundant organic waste feedstocks and promising indigenous microbial resources suitable for energy production, the development of this sector is critically hampered by fragmented policies, significant financial and technical barriers, and underdeveloped infrastructure. The analysis demonstrates that microbial energy systems offer a unique triple dividend: generating clean energy, managing waste streams, and producing valuable by-products like biofertilizers. For successful integration into public infrastructure—such as powering wastewater treatment plants, agricultural hubs, and rural community grids—a multi-faceted approach is required. This review concludes by proposing a detailed policy and implementation framework centered on strategic policy reform, targeted capacity building, innovative financing models, and the development of pilot projects at key public facilities. By mainstreaming microbial energy within the national Energy Transition Plan, Nigeria can address its energy access deficit, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and build a more resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure.