Can agroecology transform agricultural business models? A case study in a semi-arid area of southern Spain

Aim of study: This paper aims to analyse the current state of agricultural business models and identify the challenges hindering the agroecological transition in the Axarquía region. Area of study: Southern Spain – Axarquía region. Material and methods: The Business Model Ecocanvas (BMEC), an extension of the widely used Business Model Canvas (BMC), was applied to study business models in olive grove, subtropical, and horticultural farms. Data were collected through structured interviews with 19 business owners and analysed using directed content analysis. Main results: The findings suggested that a lack of crop and economic diversity, limited recycling efforts, and restricted access to alternative markets are major challenges to agroecological transition. Furthermore, the low participation of women and young farmers further hinders progress. Therefore, agroecological transition requires farmers to prioritise diversity, recycling and circular and solidarity economy elements in the farms. Research highlights: Policymakers should promote innovation, training, and access to information and technical support for agroecological business models. Support from public institutions and agricultural associations is essential to advancing the agroecological transition, particularly by simplifying the bureaucratic processes and reducing administrative complexity.