Progress in Pharmacological Research on Silibinin

：Silibinin is a flavonoid compound from Silybum marianum. It has gotten a lot of attention because it works on many targets and pathways. Recent studies show that silibinin has significant bioactivity in many systems. These include hepatoprotection, anti-fibrosis, metabolic regulation, anti-tumor, anti-infective, cardiovascular, and dermatological protection. Its main mechanisms involve inhibiting lipid peroxidation and modulating key signaling pathways like NF-κB, AMPK, and Wnt/β-catenin. It also maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and energy metabolism and regulates cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. This is how it intervenes in tissue damage and pathological processes. At the same time, new drug delivery systems are being developed. These include nanocrystals, liposomes, and phospholipid complexes. They offer new ways to improve bioavailability and targeting. However, there are still challenges. These include poor solubility, low bioavailability, and not enough high-quality clinical trials. These problems limit the clinical translation and broader application of silibinin.