Human Computer Interaction from Interfaces to Intelligent Systems

Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that integrates insights from computer science, psychology, cognitive science, and design studies. As digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, mobile computing, and multimodal sensing continue to advance, human–technology interaction has become increasingly complex, extending beyond traditional concerns of usability toward cognitive, affective, and social dimensions. This study presents a structured literature review of HCI, aiming to clarify its conceptual development, theoretical foundations, and practical applications. The review traces the evolution of HCI from early command-line and graphical interfaces to mobile, context-aware, and intelligent multimodal interaction paradigms. It further examines key theoretical and computational frameworks, including User-Centered Design, context-aware interaction models, and multimodal fusion mechanisms, highlighting their roles in supporting adaptive and human-centered interaction. In addition, representative applications in healthcare, transportation and autonomous driving, and service and humanoid robotics are analyzed to illustrate how these frameworks are instantiated under domain-specific constraints. Overall, the findings indicate a clear shift in HCI toward adaptive, personalized, and continuous interaction, emphasizing collaboration between humans and intelligent systems.