Research Progress and Challenges of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in the Field of Neuromorphic Devices

In contemporary society, developing more efficient information processing systems has become a critical goal in modern technological advancement. Among emerging technologies, neuromorphic devices, benefiting from their in-memory computing characteristics, hold significant potential to become a breakthrough technology for overcoming current computational bottlenecks. The key to realizing brain-inspired computing lies in the hardware foundation, specifically, neuromorphic devices capable of simulating biological neuron and synapse functions. In recent years, two-dimensional nanomaterials, represented by graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus, have emerged as promising materials for neuromorphic devices due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, tunable electrical states, and operational principles that closely resemble those of biological synapses and neurons. By reviewing recent research progress in this field, this article focuses on the applications and challenges of two-dimensional nanomaterials in neuromorphic devices. However, transitioning this technology from the laboratory to large-scale applications still faces multiple challenges, including fabrication processes, integration strategies, and synergistic algorithm architectures. Future advancements will depend on the exploration of new material systems, breakthroughs in three-dimensional heterogeneous integration technologies, and genuine hardware-algorithm co-design. Ultimately, these efforts will drive transformative applications of two-dimensional material-based neuromorphic chips in critical fields such as edge intelligence and biomimetic sensing.