Oxygen-Enriched Triphasic Enzyme Electrodes on Superhydrophobic Carbon Cloth

Electrochemical glucose sensors based on glucose oxidase (GOx) are often limited by oxygen availability, which constrains their sensitivity and linear range. Recent advancements in triphasic interface design, combining gas, liquid, and solid phases, have shown promise in overcoming this limitation. By using superhydrophobic carbon cloth (CC) as a substrate, these triphasic interfaces can sustain a stable interfacial air reservoir, facilitating continuous oxygen supply to the enzyme and enhancing sensor performance. Compared to traditional biphasic configurations, triphasic architectures have demonstrated significant improvements in sensitivity and linear detection range. This review summarizes the mechanisms behind triphasic interfaces, including their role in oxygen enrichment, and discusses various material systems (such as superhydrophobic carbon cloth) that have been explored to create such interfaces. Additionally, the challenges and strategies for optimizing these interfaces, including their use in biosensors, are reviewed. The potential for scaling this technology in low-power, flexible, and portable biosensing platforms is also highlighted. Overall, oxygen-enriched triphasic interfaces present a promising, passive solution to the oxygen limitation issue, extending the functional range of oxidase-based biosensors under ambient conditions without the need for additional hardware.