Radioprotective Role of Folic Acid on Testicular Structure and Serum Testosterone in Male Rabbits Exposed to X-Ray Irradiation.

Background: Exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly X-rays, induces harmful effects on radiosensitive tissues such as the male reproductive system through the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cellular degeneration. These alterations negatively affect spermatogenic cells and Leydig cell function, leading to impaired spermatogenesis and decreased testosterone production. Folic acid, an essential B vitamin involved in DNA synthesis, repair, and antioxidant defense, has been proposed as a potential radioprotective agent. This study aimed to evaluate the radioprotective effects of folic acid on testicular tissue and serum testosterone levels in male rabbits exposed to X-ray irradiation. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult male rabbits were randomly assigned to four equal groups (n = 5): control, folic acid–treated (0.07 mg/kg body weight orally for one month), X-ray–exposed (80 kV, distance 98 cm, once daily for one week), and a folic acid plus X-ray group in which animals received folic acid for one month prior to irradiation. Clinical signs and body weight were monitored throughout the experiment. Serum testosterone levels were measured using ELISA, and testicular tissues were collected for histopathological examination following hematoxylin and eosin staining. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: X-ray exposure caused a significant reduction in serum testosterone levels and induced marked histopathological alterations, including edema, necrosis of spermatogenic cells, reduced germinal layers, and oligospermia. In contrast, folic acid administration, either alone or prior to irradiation, maintained testosterone levels near normal values and markedly reduced testicular damage. Pretreated rabbits exhibited preservation of seminiferous tubule architecture and improved cellular integrity. Conclusion: These findings indicate that folic acid exerts a significant protective effect against X-ray–induced testicular injury and may serve as a supportive strategy to mitigate radiation-induced reproductive toxicity when used within approved therapeutic doses.