Beyond Modesty: The Burqa as an Instrument of Gendered Oppression among Pashtuns

This study examines the practice of veiling among Pashtun women and interrogates its cultural, religious, and political meanings. Drawing on a qualitative methodology that combines interviews with Pashtun women and a review of historical and religious texts, the paper investigates whether the veil functions primarily as a cultural tradition, a religious obligation, or an instrument of patriarchal control. The analysis situates veiling within the frameworks of Pashtunwali, colonial history, and contemporary political movements, including the Taliban and religious seminaries. Findings indicate that while the veil is framed as piety and honor, in many contexts it operates to restrict women’s mobility, education, and public participation. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy, education, and legal reform to promote women’s autonomy and challenge coercive practices surrounding veiling.