Integration of interactive 3D models in the teaching of Graphic Expression in Engineering

Graphic representation in engineering is a fundamental skill in engineering education, as it facilitates the conversion of three-dimensional concepts into two-dimensional images and the interpretation of real objects from plans and projections. Its development requires visuospatial skills such as mental rotation, depth perception and spatial memory, as well as prior knowledge of technical drawing and mathematics. To meet these needs, an educational approach based on Augmented Reality (AR) was implemented in Graphic Expression classes, with the aim of improving the understanding of three-dimensional objects and their representation in two dimensions, simplifying complex cognitive processes. The methodology used was quantitative and descriptive, with a sample of first-year engineering students. The Mental Rotation Test (MRT) was used to measure visuospatial skills, and a questionnaire was administered to gather opinions on Augmented Reality.The students interacted with three-dimensional models superimposed on the real environment, observing projections, sections, and spatial relationships. The results indicated a slight improvement in mental rotation ability and graphic comprehension, as well as a positive evaluation of the experience, highlighting increased motivation and meaningful learning. These findings suggest that Augmented Reality acts as a support for technical drawing, reinforcing visual and spatial literacy without replacing traditional methods.