Thermophilic Microorganisms in Thermal Waters and Their Potential Applications

Thermophilic microorganisms inhabiting hot mineral springs represent a fascinating group of extremophiles capable of surviving and thriving at high temperatures. This review article summarizes their ecology, metabolic strategies, and adaptations to environments characterized by increased temperatures, low oxygen availability, and specific geochemical conditions. Attention is also given to their biodiversity, detection and isolation methods, as well as their applications in biotechnology, industry, and pharmaceuticals. Thermophilic microorganisms thus not only offer insights into life under extreme conditions, but also represent a valuable source of novel bioactive compounds and enzymes.