Human-Centred Classification of Remote Operation Intervention Scenarios for Automated Vehicles

The deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) offers substantial societal benefits but faces significant challenges, particularly in complex urban environments. Remote operations (ROs) enabled safety interventions serve as a critical intermediary, allowing human operators to intervene when AVs encounter limitations. However, to inform RO workstation design and understand human intervention capabilities, real-world scenario data is critical. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 local safety experts at the Birmingham National Exhibition Centre (NEC), UK, resulting in a catalogue of 105 functional scenarios. We identified prevalent scenario types, AV-related challenges, and scenario complexity. These findings inform RO workstation and human machine interface (HMI) design and highlight the need for real-world scenario generation to support RO capability assessment. This study contributes to a framework for enhancing human-AV interactions, understanding RO safety requirements, and advancing ROs.