An Extensive review of how firms adopt green procurement and green manufacturing practices across industries.

Environmental sustainability has become a major priority for firms across industries as they face growing pressure to reduce pollution, conserve resources, and adopt responsible production practices.This review explores how organizations implement green procurement and green manufacturing as part of their sustainability strategies.Drawing on findings from previous studies, the article examines the key drivers, barriers, and institutional pressures that influence adoption.The review highlights that firms adopt green procurement by integrating environmental criteria into supplier selection, material sourcing, and purchasing decisions, while green manufacturing emphasizes cleaner technologies, waste reduction, and energy-efficient production methods.The findings show that regulatory compliance, customer expectations, and competitive advantage are major motivators for adopting greener operations, whereas limited financial resources and lack of technical expertise remain significant barriers, particularly for SMEs.The review also reveals that the most effective outcomes arise when green procurement and green manufacturing are implemented as part of an integrated green supply chain.Overall, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of adoption patterns across industries and offers insights for improving sustainable practices within modern supply chains. 1.Introduction :Environmental sustainability has become an important concern for businesses worldwide as they face growing challenges such as pollution, climate change, resource depletion, and rising expectations from customers, governments, and society.Because of these pressures, companies are now working to reduce the environmental impact of their operations, leading to strong interest in two major practices: green procurement and green manufacturing.Green procurement refers to purchasing goods, materials, and services that have a lower environmental impact throughout their life cycle.It includes selecting suppliers based on their environmental performance, choosing recyclable or eco-friendly materials, reducing hazardous substances, and ensuring that all purchased items meet environmental standards.Many governments and global organizations encourage green procurement because buying decisions directly affect pollution levels, natural resource usage, and waste generation.The study on the Kenya Pipeline Company shows that organizations increasingly apply environmental criteria in procurement to support sustainability goals, reduce waste, and improve compliance with environmental regulations (Nasiche, F., & Ngugi, G. K. ( 2014 )).Green manufacturing focuses on minimizing waste and pollution during production.It involves the use of cleaner technologies, eco-design, energyefficient processes, recycling, and life-cycle management.Companies across industries-such as electronics, automotive, consumer goods, chemicals, and small manufacturing firms-adopt green manufacturing to reduce carbon emissions, improve process efficiency, comply with regulations, strengthen brand image, and meet customer demand for environmentally friendly products.Research on green procurement has grown rapidly.A major literature review covering 1996-2013 reported a rise in studies examining motivations, barriers, and performance outcomes, especially in environmentally intensive manufacturing industries (Appolloni, A., Sun, H., Jia, F., & Li, X. (2014).).Institutional pressures-such as coercive (government rules), normative (industry expectations), and mimetic (competitor influence)-also shape adoption decisions.Evidence from the electronics sector shows that firms adopt green supply chain and manufacturing practices due to pressure from governments, customers, competitors, and professional associations, not only cost-related reasons.These pressures significantly improve environmental and manufacturing performance (Lin, R. J., & Sheu, C. (2012).).However, adoption is not equal across all firms.Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face challenges like limited financial resources, lack of technical expertise, and insufficient trained staff.A case study on Korean SMEs shows that adoption of green management depends on organizational structure, innovation capability, employee skills, cost-saving potential, and competitive advantage (Lee, K. H. (2009).).