Pharmacognostic Authentication and Phytochemical Profiling Coupled with Flowability Studies of Zingiber officinale for Quality Control

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, believed to have originated in Southeast Asia.Its aromatic and pungent rhizome is widely used as a spice, flavouring agent, food ingredient, and medicine.The term Zingiber comes from the Greek word zingiberis, which traces back to ABSTRACT Introduction: Medicinal plant extracts and other natural products have continued to find useful applications in nanomedicines due to their interesting biological properties.Clerodendrum thomsoniae (CT) is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat stress-and inflammation-related diseases, including jaundice, diabetes, and cancer.Objectives: This study, therefore, evaluated CT extract-based silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.Materials and Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared using green synthesis methods.They were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).Antioxidant study was based on NO, H2O2, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging spectrophotometric methods.The in vitro anti-inflammatory test was based on a protein (egg albumin) denaturation assay.Results: Results showed CT-Ag NPs ranged from spherical to cubic shapes.The UV absorption peak at 427 nm suggests CT-Ag NP formation.The presence of elemental Ag (96.04 %) by EDX analysis suggests the conversion of metallic silver into elemental silver.The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was shown on the X-ray diffractogram as a sharp peak at 38.12° [reflection index (111)] with an average particle size of 47 nm.CT-Ag NPs showed dose-dependent hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities with 67.63 ± 0.78 % and 58.48 ± 1.20 %, respectively, at 200 μg/mL.It showed a notable anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting protein denaturation with an IC50 of 53.58 ± 17.78 μg/mL.Conclusions: It can be deduced from this study that CT-Ag NPs show promise as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.