The ICJ’s Advisory Opinion and the Enduring Triad of Environmental Injustice

The authors analyse the ICJ’s 2025 climate Advisory Opinion through a TWAIL lens. Despite affirming climate change as an existential threat, the Opinion reproduces Global North dominance. This is done through a tripartite analysis embedded in the institutional, normative and epistemic injustices, showing how formalism, undifferentiated obligations and Western epistemic privilege marginalise Global South development, equity and climate justice claims.