https://www.revistacientificaipedss.com/neuroplasticidade-e-intervencoes-nao-invasivas-evidencias-de-estimulacao-cerebral-treinamento-cognitivo-e-modulacao-sensorial-na-reabilitacao-neural

Objective: To critically analyze scientific evidence regarding the impact of non-invasive interventions, including brain stimulation, cognitive training, and sensory modulation, on neuroplasticity and neural rehabilitation. Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases, covering the period from 2000 to 2025. Randomized clinical trials, controlled studies, and meta-analyses involving adults undergoing non-invasive interventions with outcomes related to neural plasticity, cognitive function, or functional recovery were included. Results: Twenty studies were included, predominantly randomized controlled trials. Non-invasive brain stimulation, particularly tDCS and rTMS, demonstrated significant improvements in episodic memory, working memory, and executive function, with greater consistency in multisession protocols. Combined interventions with cognitive training showed superior synergistic effects compared to isolated stimulation. Neurophysiological evidence indicated modulation of cortical excitability and neurochemical changes consistent with synaptic plasticity mechanisms. Sensory modulation through virtual reality showed moderate benefit in post-stroke functional rehabilitation. Conclusion: Non-invasive interventions demonstrate consistent neurobiological rationale and promising clinical evidence in modulating neuroplasticity and promoting neural rehabilitation. However, methodological heterogeneity limits protocol standardization and definitive clinical recommendations, highlighting the need for larger multicenter trials. Keywords: Neuroplasticity; Brain Stimulation; Neurological Rehabilitation; Cognitive Training; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.