Sustainable Utilization of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) in Construction Applications: A Review with Emphasis on the Saudi Arabian Context

Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) is a major by-product of the cement manufacturing process, presenting considerable disposal challenges and environmental concerns worldwide. With the global demand for cement escalating, particularly in fast-growing economies such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia driven by mega-projects under Vision 2030, the generation of CKD is projected to increase substantially. This review paper synthesizes the existing literature on CKD, covering its formation, chemical and physical properties, associated environmental and health hazards, and its various applications, primarily focusing on the construction sector. It examines global research on CKD utilization in soil stabilization, as a partial cement replacement in concrete and mortars, and in the production of bricks, blocks, and paving units. Furthermore, this review specifically highlights the current status of CKD research and application within Saudi Arabia, aligning its potential utilization with the Kingdom's sustainability and circular economy objectives. Key challenges, including CKD variability and potential contaminant content, are discussed, alongside future research directions needed to promote wider, safe, and economically viable CKD valorization in the Saudi construction industry and beyond.