Waste Analysis Based on Lean Healthcare of Outpatient Waiting Time on Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics: A Literature Review

This study aims to analyze waste and factors that influence waiting times in outpatient services at obstetrics and gynecology clinics using a Lean Healthcare approach through a review of the latest literature. This study uses a literature review method by examining 23 articles consisting of 14 international journals indexed by Scopus and WOS and 9 national journals indexed by SINTA published in the last ten years. Article selection was conducted using the PRISMA protocol, while data analysis used a content analysis approach to identify waste patterns, mechanisms causing inefficiencies, and the effectiveness of Lean interventions such as Value Stream Mapping, Kaizen, 5S, and standardized work. The results showed that long waiting times were mainly caused by non-value-added activities such as inefficient registration processes, suboptimal coordination between units, an imbalance in the workload of health workers, and variability in patient arrivals. The findings also show that the implementation of Lean Healthcare can reduce waiting times by 5.2 to 97%, improve service flow efficiency, and improve patient experience, although its success is greatly influenced by managerial commitment, organizational culture, and the readiness of health workers to adapt