A Systematic Review of Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Based on Tsunami Tendenko and Smong: Comparative Insights From Japan and Indonesia for Educational Practices

Mastery of disaster mitigation is crucial because it has been proven to minimize loss of life, especially in disaster-prone countries such as Japan and Indonesia. Although many studies discuss the impact and reconstruction after a disaster, studies that specifically explore local wisdom-based mitigation strategies and their potential to be modified in an educational context remain limited. One disaster mitigation strategy that has been proven effective in Japan is Tsunami Tendenko, which has similarities to Smong in Indonesia, both of which are rooted in local wisdom. This study aims to: (1) understand the concepts of Tsunami Tendenko and Smong as disaster mitigation strategies from global literature; and (2) describe the learning strategies used in transmitting the two concepts. A literature search was conducted on articles published between 2004 and 2025 and indexed in Scopus and Web of Science, by applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 229 articles were analyzed using a systematic approach in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The results of the study indicate that local wisdom can be utilized in disaster mitigation education through various roles, such as teaching resources, media content, collaboration materials, and the basis for policy making. Delivery strategies include oral approaches, SME products, digital games/media, simulations, arts, and educational programs. This study recommends the need for further research to deepen, refine, and optimize the role of Tsunami Tendenko and Smong in local wisdom-based disaster mitigation education.