Transition metal oxide-modified carbon electrodes: A comprehensive review on surface area modulation and Randles-Ševčik electrochemical insights

The exceptional catalytic properties of transition metal electrocatalysts, including high activity, stability, electronic properties, and selectivity in various electrochemical processes, make them essential in electrochemistry. The combination of these electrocatalysts with carbon-based interfaces improves their performance by providing increased electrical conductivity, greater surface areas, and robust structural support. Expanding the electrode area by offering more active sites for the processes and boosting efficiency increases the catalytic activity. This review emphasizes the importance of maximizing electrode surface area and the variations in transition metal oxides (TMOs) with carbon interfaces to achieve excellent performance in various electrochemical applications. Special focus is given to the Randles-Ševčik equation as a fundamental tool for evaluating the electroactive surface area and charge transfer properties of TMO-modified electrodes. Furthermore, the review discusses the influence of structural modifications on catalytic performance. By summarizing recent advancements and challenges, this study aims to provide a comprehensive under­standing of the potential of transition metal oxides as efficient electrocatalysts for sustainable energy and sensing applications.