Dermatoses in the digital age — the impact of high-energy visible radiation (blue light) on the skin

In the digital era, blue light (BL) — high-energy visible (HEV) light (380–500 nm) — is an increasingly prevalent environmental factor due to widespread exposure to electronic devices and light emitting diode (LED) lighting. This review explores the dual nature of BL in dermatology, emphasizing both its therapeutic applications and potential harmful effects on the skin. While BL is utilized in phototherapy for conditions such as acne vulgaris and psoriasis, as well as wound healing, excessive and prolonged exposure can induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, hyperpigmentation, and photoaging. Notably, BL influences melanogenesis via opsin-3 pathways and disrupts collagen homeostasis by modulating transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) expression. Protective measures, including advanced broad-spectrum sunscreens ( e.g. , phenylene bis-diphenyltriazine) and antioxidants like niacinamide and licochalcone A, are increasingly important to mitigate these effects. Furthermore, BL exposure impacts circadian rhythms, mental health, and cognitive performance, highlighting the need for balanced usage and preventive strategies. This review underscores the complex relationship between BL and skin health, advocating for continued research and comprehensive photoprotection in modern skincare.