Ovarian cancer in umbilical hernia

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide and a leading cause of gynecologic cancer-related deaths.Despite significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, the prognosis for ovarian cancer remains poor due to its often asymptomatic nature in initial stages, leading to delayed diagnosis.The disease encompasses a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the epithelial, stromal, or germ cells of the ovary, with epithelial ovarian cancer accounting for approximately 90% of cases.Risk factors for ovarian cancer include advanced age, family history, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, and conditions like endometriosis.Protective factors, such as oral contraceptive use and multiparity, are associated with hormonal influences on ovarian physiology.The disease typically presents in women over 50 years of age, though it can occur in younger patients, particularly in those with a genetic predisposition [1,2].Symptoms of ovarian cancer, often vague and non-specific, may include abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, early satiety, and urinary urgency, contributing to delayed recognition.Current diagnostic modalities include transvaginal ultrasound, serum tumor markers like CA-125, and advanced imaging techniques, but no reliable screening test exists for early detection in the general